苏共中央文件(翻译)：货币改革和配给制的结束
下面的文献说明，苏联从1937年7月19日到1950年2月28日，卢布兑美元汇率没有变过，是5.3卢布兑1美元。但期间于1947年12月16日，苏联发行新卢布，10 旧卢布兑1新卢布，即0.53新卢布兑1美元。
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苏联部长会议和苏联共产党中央委员会。1947 年 12 月 14 日
苏联部长会议和苏联共产党中央委员会决定：
一 . 货币改革
1. 自1947年12月16日起发行1947年卢布新货币。
2. 除零钱外，居民、国家、合作社和公共机构、组织和机构以及集体农场手中的所有现金均可兑换。零钱不予兑换，按面值流通。
3. 旧货币与1947年发行货币的兑换由苏联国家银行负责。按照苏联部长会议批准的清单，在苏联全境的货币兑换应在一周内进行，即从12月16日至12月22日（含）；在偏远地区，应在两周内进行，即从12月16日至12月29日（含）。
4. 现有流通现金兑换新货币的汇率为10卢布旧货币兑换 1 卢布1947年发行的货币。
5. 从1947年发行的货币发行之日起至兑换期限届满，所有支付均应接受旧货币，汇率为其面值的十分之一。未在规定时间内兑换的旧货币将被作废，并失去购买力。
6. 向个人公民支付的国内汇款、信用证和存款账户款项，如果国家机构在发行1947年货币之前收到这些款项，则应按照10卢布旧币兑 1 卢布1947年货币的汇率进行。
7. 1947年12月上半月的工业和办公室工作人员的工资、1947年12月军人的工资、奖学金、退休金和津贴，应在1947年12月16、17、18、19和20日在苏联全境以1947年货币支付，无论规定的工资支付日期如何。
8. 发行1947年发行的货币的同时，苏联储蓄银行和国家银行居民的存款和活期存款应自发行1947年发行的货币之日起按下列标准重新估价：
(a）不超过3000卢布的存款，按面值不变，即按1卢布兑1卢布的汇率重新估价。
(b）不超过1万卢布的存款，按下列标准重新估价：前3000卢布按面值，其余按2卢布新币兑3卢布旧币的汇率重新估价。
(c）超过1万卢布的存款，按下列标准重新估价：前1万卢布按上述（b）款规定重新估价，其余按1卢布新币兑2卢布旧币的汇率重新估价。
12月15日、16日和17日，苏联国家银行的储蓄银行和现金处将不接受或支付存款；从12月18日起，这些业务将照常进行。
9.合作机构和组织以及集体农场的清算和活期账户上的资金将按新币四卢布兑旧币五卢布的汇率重新估价。
10.在货币改革的同时，所有先前发行的国家贷款和储蓄银行特殊存款凭证将按以下基础兑换：
（a）第二个五年计划国家贷款债券（第四年发行）；巩固社会主义国防的贷款；第三个五年计划贷款的所有发行；战争贷款；用于恢复和发展国民经济的贷款；以及向合作社贷款和储蓄银行凭证发行的债券将兑换为 1948 年发行的转换贷款债券，利率为 2%。新的转换贷款债券将兑换为以前的贷款债券，兑换比率为转换贷款债券 1 卢布兑换以前贷款债券 3 卢布。以前贷款债券和储蓄银行凭证的兑换将于 1948 年 5 月 3 日至 8 月 1 日进行。
（a）第二个五年计划（第四年发行）的国家贷款债券；美国苏联国防巩固贷款；所有第三个五年计划的贷款；战争贷款；用于恢复和发展国民经济的贷款；以及向合作社贷款和储蓄银行凭证发行的债券，应兑换为 1948 年发行的转换贷款债券，利率为 2%。新的转换贷款债券应兑换为以前的贷款债券，兑换比率为 1 卢布转换贷款债券兑换 3 卢布以前贷款债券。以前贷款债券和储蓄银行凭证的兑换将于 1948 年 5 月 3 日至 8 月 1 日之间进行。
（b）1947 年发行的用于恢复和发展苏联国民经济的第二笔国家贷款不予兑换。本贷款的认购者将继续像以前一样支付认购款，当他们的认购款全部付清后，他们将收到本贷款的债券，其票面价值相当于全部已付金额。
（c）1938 年国家彩票贷款债券将兑换为今年 12 月 13 日发行的新的可自由转让的 3% 国家内部彩票贷款债券；1938 年贷款债券的兑换将在规定的兑换时间内进行，兑换率为 1938 年债券 5 卢布兑换 3% 内部彩票贷款债券 1 卢布。在此期间，储蓄银行将以相同利率用现金购买 1938 年贷款债券。
11. 自宣布转换国家贷款之日起，定期提取贷款和支付转换贷款债券到期息票，应推迟到1948年8月1日。从1948年8月起恢复定期提取和支付，包括前一时期的定期提取和支付。
12. 税率、机关、机构和组织之间的债务和合同义务、人民向国家支付的义务以及苏联与外国之间的条约义务保持不变。
二、废除供应配给制（略）
英文原文在下面附录一。
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据《斯大林的黄金之旅（Stalin's Quest for Gold: The Torgsin Hard-Currency Shops and Soviet Industrialization）》一书，苏联卢布与美元的兑换率从1937年7月19日到1950年2月28日一直没有变化。1937年7月19日的兑换率是5.3卢布兑换1美元。所以按照此比率，0.53新卢布=1美元。
该书截屏在附录二。
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附录一：
Council of Ministers of the US S.R. and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Currency Reform and the End of Rationing. December 14, 1947
The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union resolve:
I. Monetary Reform
1. New currency in rubles of 1947 to be issued as of December 16, 1947.
2. All cash money in the hands of the population, and of state, cooperative and public establishments, organizations and institutions, as well as of collective farms, is to be exchanged, with the exception of small change.
Small change is not subject to exchange, and remains in circulation at its face value.
3. Exchange of old currency for the currency of 1947 issue is to be entrusted to the State Bank of the USSR.
The exchange of currency throughout the entire territory of the USSR is to be effected within one week, that is, from December 16 to December 22, inclusive; and in remote areas, within two weeks, that is, from December 16 to December 29, inclusive, in accordance with the list approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR
4. Exchange of cash money now in circulation for the new currency is to be effected at the rate of 10 rubles in old currency for one ruble in the currency of 1947 issue.
5. From the day of issuance of the currency of 1947 issue to expiration of the time limit for exchange, old currency is to be accepted for all payments at the rate of one tenth of its nominal value.
Old currency not presented for exchange within the prescribed time will be annulled and will lose its purchasing power.
6. Payments to individual citizens on domestic remittances, letters of credit and depositors’ accounts on which money was received by state institutions prior to issuance of the currency of 1947 issue are to be effected at the rate of 10 rubles in old currency for one ruble in currency of 1947 issue.
7. The wages of industrial and office workers for the first half of December, 1947, the pay of military men, scholarships, pensions and allowances for December, 1947, are to be paid in 1947 currency on December 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20, 1947, throughout the entire territory of the USSR, regardless of the established dates for payment of wages.
8. Simultaneously with issuance of the currency of 1947 issue, deposits and current accounts of the population in savings banks and the State Bank of the USSR are to be revaluated as of the day of issuance of the currency of 1947 issue on the following basis:
(a) Deposits not exceeding three thousand rubles remain unchanged at their face value, that is, are revaluated at the rate of ruble for ruble.
(b) Deposits not exceeding 10 thousand rubles are to be revaluated as follows: the first three thousand at face value, and the remainder at the rate of two rubles in the new currency for three rubles of the old currency.
(c) Deposits exceeding 10 thousand rubles are to be revaluated as follows: the first 10 thousand as stipulated in Paragraph
(b) above, and the remainder at the rate of one ruble in new currency for two rubles in old.
On December 15, 16 and 17 savings banks and cash offices of the State Bank of the USSR will not accept or make payments on deposits; beginning with December 18, these operations will be conducted as usual.
9. Money on clearing and current accounts of cooperative establishments and organizations as well as collective farms is to be revaluated at the rate of four rubles in new currency for five rubles in old currency.
10. Simultaneously with monetary reform, all state loans previously floated and savings bank certificates for special deposits are to be converted on the following basis:
(a) Bonds of the state loan of the Second Five-Year Plan (fourth year issue); the loan for consolidation of the defense of the US S. R.; all issues of the loan of the Third Five-Year Plan; issues of war loans; the loan, for rehabilitation and development of the national economy; as well as bonds issued to cooperative organizations on loans and savings banks certificates are to be exchanged for bonds of a conversion loan that is to be issued in 1948 at a two per cent rate of interest. Bonds of the new conversion loan are to be exchanged for bonds of the previous loans at the rate of one ruble in bonds of the conversion loan for three rubles in bonds of previous loans.
The exchange of bonds of previous loans and savings bank certificates will be effected between May 3 and August 1, 1948.
(b) The second state loan for the rehabilitation and development of the national economy of the USSR issued in 1947 is not subject to conversion. Subscribers to this loan will continue covering their subscription as heretofore, and when the sum of their subscription is fully paid, they will receive bonds of this loan at their face value to the whole amount paid.
(c) Bonds of the state lottery loan of 1938 are to be exchanged for bonds of the new freely- negotiable three per cent state internal lottery loan issued on December 13 this year; the exchange of bonds of the 1938 loan will be effected within the time fixed for the exchange of currency at the rate of five rubles in 1938 bonds to one ruble in bonds of the three per cent internal lottery loan. In the course of this period the savings banks will purchase bonds of the 1938 loan for cash at the same rate.
11. Regular drawings on loans and payments of maturing coupons of bonds for loans to be converted are to be postponed as from the day of announcement of the conversion of state loans until August 1, 1948. Regular drawings and payments will be resumed from August, 1948, including those for the preceding period.
12. Tax rates, debt and contract obligations between establishments, institutions and organizations, obligations regarding payments of the population to the State as well as treaty obligations between the USSR and foreign states remain unchanged.
II. Abolition of Rationing System of Supply （Omitted)
https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1947-2/end-of-rationing/end-of-rationing-texts/currency-reform-and-the-end-of-rationing/
附录二：
Labels: 1945-1949
posted by 耄矮三分 @ 1:50 PM
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